FUSRAP Experience Transporting LLW and lle(2) Waste Materials by Rail, Intermodal Container, and Truck

During the 1940's, 1950's, and 1960's, many sites in the United States were used by the Manhattan Engineer District (MED) and the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) for processing and storing uranium and thorium ores and metals. Some of the sites were owned by the Federal Government; others were owned by universities or other institutions; and still others, such as chemical plants, were privately owned. The Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP) is one of several U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) programs created to address radioactive contamination in excess of guidelines at a number of these sites. FUSRAP currently includes 46 sites in 14 states. Generally, the sites contain low-level radioactive waste (LLW) and 11e(2) material (byproduct material produced from the extraction of uranium or thorium from ores as defined by the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 as amended). FUSRAP will eventually need to address approximately 1.5 million m 3 (2 million yd3 ) of contaminated material primarily composed of soil and rubble. This paper describes FUSRAP experience in packaging and transporting waste material for disposal and treatment and the lessons learned from these experiences.