International Safeguards by Design – A High-Level View

Unlike a State’s regulatory basis for safety, security, and domestic safeguards on nuclear fuel cycle facilities, the legal basis for international safeguards as implemented by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is treaty-based.  This decision has and continues to present a major challenge to assure that international safeguards is considered early in the design stage for any nuclear fuel cycle facility.  This paper will be a brief high-level talk on those challenges, including what a "Push/Pull Model" might look like.