Detectability of Covert Fissile Material Production in Nuclear Fusion Reactors via Antineutrino Emissions

Fusion power systems can in principle be used to make significant amounts of fissile material. To do so, an operator would have to introduce fertile material, such as uranium-238, in the reactor's blanket where it is exposed to an intense neutron flux. The possibility of using a fusion reactor for this purpose has raised the question of how these facilities can be monitored to ensure their peaceful use. This study examines whether covert production of fissile material in a declared fusion plant could be detectable non-intrusively with an onsite antineutrino detector. We find that even a relatively small detector should be able to confirm production rates of a few kilograms of plutonium within 30 days, despite the antineutrino background associated with neutron activation of reactor components.