As the first wave of small modular reactors (SMRs) enters operation, it is possible that some SMR construction and operations modes—such as factory construction of highly integrated modules, off-site fueling, and multi-reactor facilities—could challenge current International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) design information examination and verification (DIE/DIV) practices. To address these concerns, this paper surveys the SMR designs that are closest to deployment, describes the results of a screening exercise to identify potential DIV challenges, and discusses potential mitigation strategies. This evaluation identified a range of potential issues, most of which would not significantly degrade the effectiveness or efficiency of IAEA verification. The main issues relate to: (1) multi-unit SMRs, which may involve complex refueling schedules and operational environments, (2) integrated module designs that hinder access to essential equipment, or (3) factory-fueled designs, especially if produced in an unsafeguarded facility (such as in a Nuclear Weapons State). While the authors do not view these problems as insurmountable, IAEA and Member State engagement could benefit from taking a proactive approach toward preparing for safeguards at these new facilities to ensure that inspectors have access to the locations and information required to reach credible safeguards conclusions. The paper puts forward ideas on how to address legal, technical, and access challenges, for instance that States and SMR manufacturers commit to facilitating relevant DIV activities in connection with exports to Non-Nuclear Weapons States.
Year
2020
Abstract